Pigeons, belonging to the family Columbidae, have a rich history and have been present in various parts of the world for thousands of years. Their distribution has been influenced by factors such as habitat availability, migration patterns, and human interaction.
Key Takeaways
- The earliest recorded mention of pigeons comes from Mesopotamia around 5,000 years ago.
- The primary habitat of the passenger pigeon, a now-extinct species, was in eastern deciduous forests in North America.
- Pigeons and doves are distributed worldwide, except for the driest areas of the Sahara Desert, Antarctica, and the high Arctic.
- Domesticated pigeons have been introduced and established in cities around the world, with an estimated population of millions.
1. Pigeon Distribution in History
The history of pigeon distribution can be traced back to ancient civilizations. The earliest recorded mention of pigeons comes from Mesopotamia, which is present-day Iraq, around 5,000 years ago. These pigeons were likely rock doves (Columba livia), which are the wild ancestor of domestic pigeons.
Pigeons have been associated with humans for centuries. They were domesticated multiple times and in different places within their natural distribution range. These domesticated pigeons were used for various purposes, including messenger pigeons, food, and ceremonial uses.
2. Passenger Pigeon Distribution
The passenger pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius), which is now extinct, was once one of the most abundant bird species in North America. Its primary habitat was found in eastern deciduous forests, spanning across most of North America east of the Rocky Mountains.
These pigeons were known for their large flocks, numbering in the billions, and their migratory nature. However, due to habitat loss, overhunting, and the lack of strong conservation efforts, the passenger pigeon became extinct in the early 20th century, with the last individual dying in captivity in 1914.
3. Distribution of Pigeons Today
Today, pigeons and doves are distributed worldwide, except for the driest areas of the Sahara Desert, Antarctica, and the high Arctic. They are found in diverse habitats such as forests, grasslands, urban areas, and agricultural landscapes. Pigeons are adaptable birds and have successfully established feral populations in cities around the world.
Originating in Southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia, pigeons have become abundant globally. In Europe alone, there are estimated to be 17 to 28 million feral and wild pigeons, with a global population estimated to be up to 120 million.
In conclusion, pigeons have a long history of distribution throughout different parts of the world. The earliest recorded sightings of pigeons date back thousands of years, and they have been domesticated and introduced to various regions. The passenger pigeon, once abundant in North America, is now extinct. However, pigeons and doves continue to thrive worldwide, adapting to a range of habitats.
